Is Cannabis To Blame For The Rise In Rates of Gastroschisis?

Is Cannabis To Blame For The Rise In Rates of Gastroschisis?

Gastroschisis, a condition in which the bowel herniates out of the abdomen during fetal development, is on the rise.  The rising incidence which occurs about 2000 times a year in the US caught the interest of CNN in a piece on their site this week.  Canada is no different with rates seeming to increase steadily over the last decade or so and many of us who care for these infants are left scratching our heads as to why.

What Causes Gastroschisis to Occur

Interestingly, the site of herniation is almost always to the right of the umbilicus and the most prevalent theory out there is that a vascular insult during fetal development leads to a weakening in the developing abdominal wall.  The bowel then herniates through this insufficiency.  What then could could explain the near universal occurence on the right? The Vascular Disruption Theory.

You may not have known this but the embryo begins life with two umbilical veins and two omphalomesenteric arteries. At about one month of gestation the right umbilical vein involutes leaving you with only one umbilical vein.  In this disruption theory, the vein involution occurs early leading to ischemia in the territory that eventually causes weakness in the abdominal wall to the right of the umbilicus.  On the arterial side the  left omphalomesenteric artery also involutes, with the right one becoming the superior mesenteric artery. It could be that disruption of this process also leads to gastroschisis.

Risk Factors For Gastroschisis

If you work in the field of Neonatology one of the first surgical truisms you learn in that gastroschisis occurs most commonly among very young mothers.  Broadly speaking, gastroschisis also tends to cluster among women of low socioeconomic status (SES) and all that goes with that designation.  Poor diet, education and drug use are intimately linked with the condition but in the end the proxy may be low SES.  When it comes to drug use it is the drugs that have vasoactive properties that are most often associated with heightened risk for the condition.  Such drugs include, amphetamines, cocaine, as well as ibuprofen, acetaminophen. Finally, smoking likely secondary to nicotine and other vasoactive chemicals which may affect placental circulation also finds itself closely linked with development of the condition.

In terms of quantifying the risk, Draper et al performed a case control study to quantify the risk of such use.  The interesting aspect of their study is that they confirmed drug use through analysis of maternal hair to demonstrate exposure.  Previous studies relied on maternal interviews to disclose which drugs had been used in pregnancy which may be prone to omission.  They found the following

1) Any recreational drug  – odds ratio (OR) 2.2, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.2, 4.3)

2) Vasoconstrictive recreational drugs (cocaine, amphetamines & ecstasy) (OR 3.3, 95% CI: 1.0, 10.5)

3) Aspirin use (OR 20.4, 95% CI: 2.2, 191.5)

4) Cigarette smoking (OR 1.7, 95% CI: 1.1, 2.6)

So drugs from a variety of classes seem to increase risk for the condition.  Could a rise in drug use in young women account for the increase then?

Trends in Drug Use

The National Institute of Drug Abuse provides some interesting data in this regard.  The following curve demonstrates the trend in drug use in the US over a period that has seen the incidence of gastroschisis rise almost two fold. The data collected on this site is obtained from surveys and as such is prone to the same errors that any survey has namely how sure are we that what is disclosed is the reality?  Having said that it is clear that in terms of illicit drug use, cannabis accounts for the majority of the rise in use over the last decade.

past-month-use-of-selected-drugs

Furthermore, it is well known that cannabis is a “gateway drug” and the same site indicates that over 50% of new users are under the age of 18 and of these new users the drug of choice is marijuana.

Looking at pain relievers such as tylenol and ibuprofen there is no data to suggest at least in the very young group of mothers consumption of these medications has been on the rise.  Clearly we have a problem with over prescription of opioid analgesics in pregnancy but to my knowledge these have not been associated with the development of gastroschisis.

What about smoking in teens?

As the graph from the CDC below demonstrates, smoking is at an all time low among US high school students.  These same students are the ones having babies with gastroschisis so at first glance this doesn’t seem to be a probable cause.  Are rates among low SES students showing the same decline?   A shown in this link, rates even among these groups do seem to be declining as well even though level of education does show correlations with higher prevalence of smokers.

high-school-low500

Could Increased Cannabis Use Be The Culprit?

Almost twenty years ago a surgeon mentioned to me on a rotation during my residency that he had noted an association between marijuana use and gastroschisis.  marijuana-leafWhile I don’t believe this was ever published I have to admit it stuck as if it were gospel.  Some years later in another conversation about a patient with gastroschisis he said with a smile that after all these years he believes the link is an association.  Young mothers use more marijuana and they also have more babies with gastroschisis.  What we have here now though is something a little different.  The question at hand is why is gastroschisis on the rise in the same group?

Is it cannabis?  It just might be but this will need some further work to tease out.   If gastroschisis is caused by a vascular phenomenon and the only real rise in drug use affecting perfusion is that associated with cannabis, it might be.  On the other hand this could just be another association that will not stand the test of time.  I don’t have it in for cannabis and in fact believe it could one day be quite useful in Neonatology as I have written before in Marijuana Coming Soon To An NICU Near You!

What goes around comes around as the saying goes and as my colleague nears the end of his long and storied career that in the end his original observation would be proven true. I have no wish for cannabis to be linked to the increase in gastroschisis but a part of me would love to see my colleague proven right after all these years.  Stay tuned!

Cannabidiols Coming Soon To An NICU Near You!

Cannabidiols Coming Soon To An NICU Near You!

October 17th, 2018 the personal use of marijuana became legal in Canada.   With this change in status I felt it was appropriate to consider a couple things.  First it would address an issue that affects almost all preterm infants and secondly finally acknowledge that with legalization of marijuana, the door has opened to acceptance perhaps of further medicinal uses for cannabinoids.  Who knows where things will go from here…

Marijuana and babies have for the most part had a unfriendly past.  Marijuana’s effect on the growing fetus has been a concern in past publications and women for years have been screened for it’s use along with other more illicit drugs.  More recently a large study by Warshack found increased rates of NICU admission and infants who were SGA among users but did not reveal any other significant adverse outcomes with use.  Those who have identified themselves as users have been subjected to being labelled as addicts & stoners among other names but with Canada on the verge of becoming a marijuana friendly country this is likely to change.  Interestingly, caffeine, a drug that we are all familiar with though, has a similar story in that excessive quantities have been deemed harmful in pregnancy yet it is one of the most commonly used medications in the NICU due to its beneficial effects on apnea of prematurity.

It’s Only Natural

Now before people think I have come completely off the rails, I am not envisioning a future world of hazy smoke filled isolettes or NICUs for that matter.  It is not the burning plant that may work its way into the NICU but rather the active class of drug; cannabinoids.  human-endocannabinoid-systemIt turns out that we humans have actually been built to receive such molecules as evidenced by the presence of cannabinoid receptors in our tissues and in particular our brains.  The presence of these substances is even important in birth.  Jokisch et al compared cord blood levels of endocanabinoids between those infants delivered vaginally and those by c-section without labour.  The infants born by vaginal birth had significantly higher levels of these substances in their blood demonstrating that they have a role to play in the transition to extrauterine life. These endogenously produced versions are called endocannabinoids. Furthermore breast milk contains such endocannabinoids which raises the questions of what these substances are doing there.

To answer this question an elegant study was performed in mice in which the CB1 receptor antagonist rimonabant was injected at different time points to block the effect of endocannabinoids.  When given in the first 24 hours, “milk ingestion and subsequent growth was completely inhibited in most pups (75%–100%) and death followed within days after antagonist administration.”  When examining the reason for poor milk ingestion it was an inability to suck that was the cause, rather than loss of appetite.  Although speculative, I cannot help but wonder if the infant of a diabetic mother who demonstrates poor coordination of suck might well have altered expression of cannabinoid receptors or antagonism of the same.

What Benefits Could We See From Medicinal Use?

When it comes to life in the modern NICU it is the large number of patients in need of gavage feeding that keep our census numbers high.  Whether they be the infants of diabetic mothers or survivors of extreme prematurity, many remain in hospital soley for poor feeding.  We can treat their apnea with caffeine but for years I have questioned whether an appetite stimulant might offer hope to transition such children to the home.  We are not in a position to start using cannabinoids in clinical practice yet as w have not had any trials that I am aware of outside of an animal model but I would suggest to you that this may be the next frontier.

For those that use marijuana or one of it’s other forms they will tell you there are many potential benefits and the same could be true for newborns.  There is no question that THC can be sedating and calming so could there be a role as an alternative to narcotics and benzodiazepines?  Additionally, animal models of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy are revealing a protective effect of cannabinoids both in the short and long term.  Much like erythropoietin and melatonin have emerged as adjunctive treatments to cooling, based on animal studies we may find cannabinoids trialed in human studies before long.

What Does The Future Hold In Store For Us

I have certainly talked about this on rounds before but have not had the confidence that such studies would pass through a local ethics board.  o-JUSTIN-TRUDEAU-POT-facebookNow the winds have changed with the election of Mr. Trudeau Prime Minister and the perception of marijuana? As we become more comfortable with the benefits of cannabinoids I suspect we will see these substances come into play much like caffeine did oh so many years before.  There is no question that when people say that marijuana is “natural’ they are right in a sense.  The building blocks of THC are produced in our bodies and we have receptors anxiously awaiting stimulation by these substances.  The time for medicinal use in the NICU will come sooner or later.  Sound a little crazy?

Trials have already begun based on research in animals in the field of HIE as discussed in this article. 

CBD FOR BRAIN-DAMAGED BABIES?

 Let’s look back at this post in 5-10 years.